Tabela Systems for Sustainabilty Agriculture in Northern of

Sumatera

Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar

, Rahmat Widia Sembiring

, Lusiana Andriani Lubis

and Fachri Yunanda

Departement Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara

Department Management Information, Polytechnic Negeri Medan

Department Communication, Political and Social Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara

English Education Department, Faculty of Teaching and Education, Universitas of Prima Indonesia

Keywords: Tabela, Sustainability, Agriculture, Atabela, Sumatera.

Abstract: In irrigated wetland agro-ecosystem, the sowing of rice seeds is carried out directly on the condition of the

ground not waterlogged. Direct seed planting system (called ‘Tabela’) is the planting of rice plants without

going through the nursery and removal of seedlings. Cultivation of direct rice seed crop categorized into 2

sections, such as: scatter (sonor/brodcast) where the seeds are sown evenly, while the Tabela array with the

drum seeder spaced 25 cm between rows. The result shows that technology have the comparative advantage

than transplanting method in rice cultivation. Adoption of direct seeded rice influenced significantly by land

ownership, cost of planting and maintenance, planting season, researcher or extension worker guidance and

location. Based on the result, the Tabela technology is suitable to be developed in the region where there is a

shortage of agricultural labor occurs. It reduces labor and cost for planting and maintenance which increase

income of the farmers. However, the socialization of direct seeded rice technology is still needed guidance

from researcher and extension workers. The characteristics of farmers influence in receiving information from

agricultural extension workers, such as through interpersonal communication through agricultural extension

visits to individual farmers, group communication through plot demonstrations, and also through mass

communication through brochures, posters, leaflets, manuals and electronic media (television, radio, internet).

1 INTRODUCTION

Rice demand will continue to increase along with

population growth rate. Based on the realization of

paddy production in the last 5 years, it is indicated

that the growth rate of rice production is decreasing

and production cost per unit of land is increasing.

Therefore, the achievement of rice production target

in the future will be more difficult. To overcome this

problem, the Government is aiming to increase the

national rice production by 2015 by 1.5% per year. In

this context, various breakthroughs of rice production

are needed.

In general, Tabela is defined as one way planting

or cultivation of crops by spreading the seeds directly

in the cultivation area or planting crops that are not

through the nursery so that none exists transfer of

seedlings to planting areas (Haryadi, 1985 and

Bismar, et al., 1985). Practice of Tabela in rice

farming in Indonesia has actually been done before

the farmers the existence of tandur jajar system or

planting move. But at that time it did not develop

because of various constraints (Supriadi and Malian,

1995).

Along with the development of science and

technology, Tabela system again made an alternative

in rice farming because it is considered more

efficient. Some countries in Asia have changed the

way rice cultivation from moving plant systems

(Tapin) to Tabela system. Factors that have motivated

farmers to apply Tabela's technology Asia, among

others, due to the onset of environmental changes in

farming, ie improved irrigation system, availability of

short-lived, high-yielding rice varieties, herbicides

effective and inexpensive, and rare and expensive

workforce (De Datta and Nantasomsaran, 1991).

In the Philippines and Malaysia, these cultivation

techniques change to 27 percent and 99 percent of the

total area of rice cultivation and has been ongoing

since 1987 Thailand (mainly in the North and

Siregar, A., Sembiring, R., Lubis, L. and Yunanda, F.

Tabela Systems for Sustainabilty Agriculture in Northern of Sumatera.

DOI: 10.5220/0010046005290535

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and Technology (ICEST 2018), pages 529-535

ISBN: 978-989-758-496-1

529

Northeast), the proportion of the Tabela system in

business rice farming reached more than 80 percent

(Isaranurak, 1995). Similarly with di Japan, where the

proportion of Tabela to the entire area of rice farming

is experiencing development from about 8 percent in

1973 to 30 percent in 1990 (Osamu, 1995). In South

Korea, cultivation of rice by way of transplanting the

already moved using tools and cultivation machines

have also begun to shift to the application of

cultivation spread directly.

Although the production of rice in North Sumatra

throughout 2017 reached 5.1 million tons or a surplus

of 1.7 million tons of the calculated demand of 3.4

million tons. This number increased compared to the

previous year. With this surplus, surely we are over

production and then sent to other areas such as Riau

province and others who need it, "said Azhar

Harahap, head of Food Crops and Horticulture of

North Sumatra.To 2018, North Sumatra Provincial

Government targets to increase rice production to 5-

10 percent compared to 2017.

Given the important functions and roles of the

paddy, the Government seeks to realize increased rice

production by 2015 through the Integrated Crop

Management (GP-PTT) and Other Special Efforts

(Upsus) Movement. In relation to this, program

implementers in the field need guidance for various

rice cultivation technologies that have been

developed in Indonesia, especially the technology of

Rice Cultivation Seeds Direct (Tabela) which adopt

local wisdom in North Sumatra.

1.1 Definition of Planting Seed Direct

(Tabela)

Direct seed planting technology (Tabela) Tabela rice

has several advantages, such as shortening the period

of rice production so as to increase the index of crops

and reduce labor costs for planting. Tabela

technology can be applied to irrigated wetland

agroecosystem, rainfed lowland, and tidal land. In

general, Tabela applies the approach model of

Integrated Crop Management (PTT). Tabela's

specialty is not to plant transplants but the seeds are

sown directly.

The consequence of Tabela is that the land

requires different soil treatment and water

management with the land for transplanting plants.

Tabela is suitable to be applied in labor-less areas,

short wet season, and irrigation water can be

arranged. The most suitable location for the

application of Tabela is agroecosystem of technical

irrigation rice fields. However, in tidal, dryland and

rainfed lowland agro-ecosystems it can also be

applied on condition that water management and land

preparation are done in particular.

In Tabela there is no making of nursery and move

planting so it requires less labor. Directly planted rice

will reach the generative stadia faster, shortening the

rice production period and increasing the crop index.

In areas with limited rainfall periods, Tabela rice

cultivation may be avoided from drought or provide

opportunities for cultivation other food crops.

Potential areas to implement Tabela include West

Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan,

Sumatra and Papua. Tabela is potentially developed

with modern mechanization on a wide scale so as to

increase productivity. Tabela technology as a

reference for field officers, extension workers,

farmers, and other users, consists of guidance on the

implementation of the land to post-harvest handling.

Tillage consists of selection of varieties and seeds,

seed treatment, soil preparation, seed sowing,

irrigation, weeding, fertilization, controlling plant

pest organism (Pest), harvesting and post harvest

handling.

Seed distribution technology evenly on the

planting area is able to decrease the labor flow by

about 28% (Hazairin and Manalu, 1993). But the

main disadvantages of applying this method is the

need for 2-3 times more seeds, as well as harvesting

constraints due to the lack of spacing. The cultivation

of direct seeding in the run does not significantly

change the way the cultivation has been done so far

because it keeps using the array with the spacing

between the rows between 22-25 cm, depending on

the varieties grown. The seed requirement in this way

ranges from 50-60 kg / ha, or between 1.5-2 times

compared to transplanting plants (Supriono and

Milan, 1993).

Some improvements in the application of direct

seeding in the run were done and found Tabela

Legowo, rice planted in 4-6 rows, emptied 1 row

planted again, 4-6 next row and so on. Research

results from 1992-1994 in Balittan Sukamandi

showed that two-line Legowo Tabela is the best,

because rice production does not decrease, during rice

growing season. How to cultivate the soil in the

cultivation of Tabela rice in principle is the same as

the cultivation of transplanting plants. To get the

optimal result required perfect soil processing. Deep

soil processing will accelerate the growth of plants so

that plants do not easily fall on generative stadia. The

surface of the soil should be evenly so that the water

level can be controlled (Supriadi and Malian, 1993).

The technique of planting Tabela by using

Atabela cultivation tools does not require a nursery as

in moving cropping techniques. The seeds are

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Technology

530

instantly soaked for 24 hours then dried for 12-14

hours and directly planted in the run. Seeds are used

around 40 kg / ha while transplanting plants (taping)

is only 25 kg/ha.

When compared between the use of planting

ways to move by planting Tabela, then the ways of

planting Tabela will provide several advantages,

among others: Labor costs outside the harvest 25-30

percent lower, The cost of production means is 5-10

percent lower, The yield per hectare is 10-25 percent

higher and the price of both grain and rice is higher

(due to better quality) and Farmer net income

increased from Rp. 1.2-1.5 million/ha/ season to Rp.

2.0-2.5 million/ha/season (Adnyana et al, 1997) (click

the link below to read directly from the source.

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research was undertaken on Direct Seeded Rice

technology (Tabela) performance, particularly to test

relevant factors affecting adoption of direct seeded

rice. It was conducted in Langkat and Deli Serdang

districts, consists of 2500 meter. The primary data

collection is done through interviews with list

assistance question (questionnaire) includes two

growing seasons ie dry and wet seasons 2016/2017

year. To enrich the discussion, the description is

equipped with secondary data from various related

institutions. From the data, the resu;ted presentation

into description and figure below.

Figure 1. Inpari 20 varieties using Tabela (Source: South

Sumatera AIAT, 2014)

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Seed

3.1.1 Selection of Varieties and Seeds

Rice varieties used are high yielding varieties that

have small number of tillers and are heavily neglected

to prevent pests and diseases caused by high plant

populations. Agro ecosystem of irrigated fields using

superior varieties include Inpari 6, Inpari 9, Inpari 10,

Inpari 13, Inpari 19, and Inpari 24. Agroecosystem of

rainfed lowland uses Inpari 13, Batutegi, Situ

Patenggang, Situ Bagendit, and Mekongga.

Agroecosystem of dry land using Inpago 8, Inpago 9,

Batutegi, and Situ Patenggang. Tidal agroecosystem

using Indragiri, Mendawak, Banyuasin, Inpara 4,

Inpara 8, Inpara 9, Inpari 20 (Figure 1), and Inpari 30

Ciherang sub1.

The seed of good quality and certification

guarantees high vigor, uniformity of growth,

pathogen-free and seeds, weeds, and not mixed with

other varieties. Seed requirement on a Tablet

(broadcast / sonor) system of 60-80 kg / ha, while

Tabela in sequence and ATabela (drum seeder)

require seeds 30-45 kg / ha.

3.1.2 Seed Treatment

Seed treatment aims to get pithy seed so as to produce

a healthy plant. Pithy seeds are selected using a 3%

salt solution or 30 grams of kitchen salt per liter of

water. Seeds that float at the time of submersion are

dumped and the drowning is the pithy seed that will

be sown. Selected seeds are soaked in clear and clear

water for 1x24 hours, then drained and immersed for

1x24 hours until the seeds begin to grow (Figure 2).

The incubation is done by spreading the seeds over

the tarpaulins evenly and then covered with a sack or

a damp cloth. Tabela on dry land does not require

soaking and curing of seeds. In the endemic areas of

blast disease and Bacteria Leaf Blight (HDB), before

sowing the seeds are treated with systemic pyroquilon

or agrepdeng with 5-10 g / kg doses of seeds by way

of soaking or coating.

Figure 2. Seeds begin to grow ready to sow (Source:

Suwarno, 2014)

Tabela Systems for Sustainabilty Agriculture in Northern of Sumatera

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4 LAND PREPARATION,

SOWING AND MAINTENANCE

4.1 Land Preparation

Irrigation field irrigation agroecosystems are

subjected to perfect cultivation, covering singkal

(wet) piracy or piracy (renewal), renewal, and land

leveling measures. Wet-treated land is left for 1 week

after hijacking with a water depth of 10-20cm. The

cultivation is carried out by using the new / 'gelebeg'

1 week before land smoothing (Figure 3). After

flattening, water is added agartanah moist so the land

ready to sow. Prevention of standing water when

sowing on the Tabela system plot is done by creating

a worm channel surrounding the paddy fields and

caren in the paddy field. Tabela technology in the

array (ATabela) does not require caren in the map.

Irrigated rice paddies and rainfed rice fields with

dry land, are pirated and renewed evenly. At the time

of renewal can be added organic material in the form

of compost or manure 2 ton / ha.Lahan left for 1 week

then put water until soil moist and ready to sow.

Typical B type tidal agroecosystem is done though

wet soil or dried soil using hand tractor with plow

depth less than 20 cm. Grounding is done 1 week after

first tillage. The making of aqueduct (canal)

surrounds the plot of land for micro-water

Figure 3. Garu / gelebeg pulled hand tractors in irrigated

fields (Source: Firmansyah, 2014)

4.2 Sow the Seeds

In agro ecosystem of irrigated rice sowing is done on

the condition of moist soil or not waterlogged. Tabela

scatter (sonor / broadcast), seed sown evenly (Figure

4), while Tabela array with drum seeder spaced 25 cm

between rows (Figure 5).

Figure 4. Sow seed (sonor / hambur) (Source: Zarwazi,

2013)

Figure 5. Sow seeds with drum seeder (Source: Zarwazi,

2008)

Seed sowing in rainfed agroecosystems avoids

rainfall, whereas in type A tidal agroecosystems it is

done by sowing (sonor) followed by sowing of husk

ash. Tidal type B is done by seed sower (seed blower).

4.3 Irrigation

In irrigated wetland agro ecosystem, the land is

kept moist and not stagnant for 10 days after sowing.

Furthermore, the water is fed with a depth adjusting

the height of the plant to a maximum depth of 5 cm.

Where possible irrigation can be made. Type-T-type

tidal agroecosystem, carried out with micro water

management using a folder system.

4.4 Weeding

Figure 6 described the weed control is done

mechanically and chemically. Glyphosate-based

active herbicides were applied before tillage to kill all

weeds. Selective pre-growth herbicides (pre

emergence) are used at 3 days after seed sowing

(DASS). Post-emergence selective herbicides are

used at the time of 14 HSTb or when weeds are 2-4

strands. Tabela Lam and ATabela, in addition to

using weed control chemistry methods can also be

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532

done by manual or tool, such as gasrok (rotary

hedgehog) and power weeder machine at the age of

less than 21 DASS.

Figure 6. Weeding weeder (Source: Firmansyah-BB Rice,

2014)

4.5 Fertilization

Basic fertilizer application is done on 5-7 HSTb by

using NPK fertilizer of 200 - 250 kg / ha. Fertilization

of urea follow-up based on leaf color (BWD) reading

done every 2 weeks (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Leaf color chart (BWD) reading (Source: ICRR,

2014)

4.6 Pest Control

Monitoring/monitoring of pest populations was

conducted 2 weeks before planting using light trap

(lighttrap). Trap lights are installed at a distance of

15-20 m from the paddy field (Figure 10). Control is

carried out according to the recommendation of

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) by considering

the economic threshold and the use of pesticides as

recommended.

Insecticide granular active ingredient carbofuran

amounting to 20 kg / ha is used in conjunction with

the basic fertilization time. Rice borer endemic area

using insecticide granules active ingredient

carbofuran dose 17-20 kg/ha or spinetoram (dose

300ml/ha), rynaxypyr (500 ml / ha), tiametoxam +

rynaxypyr (dose 250 ml / ha), and dymehipo (dose

600 ml / ha). Endemic areas of brown stems and white

leafhoppers used insecticides with active ingredients

of dinotifuran (1 mg/l concentration) or pymetrozine

(0.5 g / l concentration). Trap Barrier System (Fig 8)

full protection and massive gropyokan / fumigation

(Figure 9) were performed in mouse endemic areas 2

weeks before and after sowing. Linear Trap Barrier

System (LTBS) (Figure 10) is used to control rat

migration.

Figure 8: Trap Barrier System (TBS) (Sumber: Anggara,

2012)

Figure 9: LinearTrap Barrier System (Sumber: Anggara,

2011)

Figure 10: Fumigasi dan penutupan (LTBS) & pemasangan

bubu perangkap & pemasangan bubu perangkap lubang

pasca fumigasi (Sumber: Anggara, 2013).

Tabela Systems for Sustainabilty Agriculture in Northern of Sumatera

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5 HARVEST AND HANDLING

PASCAPANEN

Harvesting is done at the time of physiological rice

cooking, with characteristic 95% of paddy grass is

yellow. The rice harvest is manually done using a

jagged sickle and a thresher (Figure 11) or

mechanically using a harvesting machine (Figure 12).

The harvested grain is dried with a drying thickness

of about 5 cm and a reversal every 2 hours until the

moisture content reaches 12-14%. Drying rice can

also be done by using a sprayer tool.

Figure 11. Persiapan merontok gabah dengan combine

harvester (Sumber: Firmansyah, 2015)

Figure 12: Panen padi dengan power thresher (Sumber:

Rahardja, 2014)

5.1 Local Wisdom Communications

Extension Tabela in North Sumatra

Increased national rice production today is based on

efforts to increase productivity due to the expansion

of areas on new lands facing various technical and

socio-cultural constraints. Characteristics of farmers

influence in receiving information from agricultural

extension workers, such as through interpersonal

communication through agricultural extension visits

to individual farmers, group communication through

plot demonstrations, and also through mass

communication through brochures, posters, leaflets,

manuals and electronic media (television, radio,

internet). These communication forms are expected to

accelerate the adoption process of location-specific

agricultural innovations to support farming as well as

TABELA (Norvasion, 2013). However, among the

three forms of communication, interpersonal

communication is the most appropriate and effective

form of communication in terms of changing

knowledge, opinions, beliefs, attitudes and behavior

of farmers/communicants (Far, 2009).

Furthermore, the mastery of land resource

technology, in this case TABELA in principle is a

local wisdom that must be preserved from the

farmers. Therefore, the mastery of information and

agricultural innovation is needed by farmers so that

the local wisdom is not eroded by social, economic

and cultural factors. Farmers must have the character,

among others, capable of high competitive, superior

and competitive products, environmentally friendly,

integrated with other sectors and meet market demand

(Suwanda, 2008).

In addition to that, the role of specialist

agricultural extension workers (PPS), agricultural

extension workers (PPM) and agricultural field

extension (PPL) is a matter that must be optimized so

that the extension process to farmers in groups

(farmer groups) run effectively in the understanding

of information the same between each group member

in the acceptance of new information or innovation.

The effectiveness of counseling communications will

give maximum results if implemented in a sustainable

manner. In fact related to this, the government

through the Ministry of Agriculture has launched a

program of institutional development of farmer

groups that received an intensive and continuous

guidance from the government (Lubis, 1999).

6 CONCLUSION

The farmers' opportunity to apply (continue) the

Tabela system is influenced by: (a) planting and

maintenance costs, (b) escort by agricultural

researcher extension, (c) season cropping, (d) the size

of the laban's ownership, and (e) the location.

Opportunity of farmers to continue Tabela tend to be

higher with the increasingly high wages of workers

for planting activities and maintenance. Similarly, the

presence of escort researchers/agricultural extension

will encourage farmers' opportunities to apply

Tabela. The chance of Tabela's success is likely to be

higher in the dry season as well carried out on the

condition of land that irrigation is relatively good.

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534

This is possible related to the type of rice varieties

easy to fall down.

The policy implications of these findings are:

First, Needed improvements to the superior varieties

of bam suitable for the Tabela system (such as fall

down). Second, Atabela needs to be designed with

due regard to local laban conditions. Third,

considering the cost of planting and maintenance

(wage labor) is one factor determinants in adopting

the Tabela system, application of Tabela is suitable to

be prioritized its development to wilayal1 where there

is a shortage of agricultural labor (farmers).

Implementation of the Tabela system in these areas

will suppress the need work force, which in turn will

reduce the cost of meaningful farming increase

farmers' income. Fourth, development requires

Tabela support/guidance/escort from

researcher/extension farmer due to socialization

Tabela technology is still relatively bam. and it turns

out from the results of this factual analysis still

remains determinant for farmers to adopt the Tabela

system

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