A Model of Carbon Emission Reduction based on the Efficacy of

National Public Road Lighting in North Sumatera Province

Janter

, Herman Mawengkang

, Usman Ba’afai

, Nasruddin M. N.

Study Program of Natural Resources Management and Environment,

Graduate School, University of Sumatera Utara

Faculty of Engineering, University of Darma Agung

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara

Faculty of Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara

Keywords: Electric power, Energy conservation, Carbon emisson, light lamp efficacy

Abstract: Electrical energy is a fundamental requirement necessary for the survival of human activities. Electrical

energy is exploited as much as possible in human life due to its availability which is continuously reachable

easily and cleanly. In terms of supply, in its operation, the generation of electrical energy with fossil fuels

causes environmental pollution whose value can be converted by multiplying by 1.14 KgCO2 / KWh emission

factor. From the demand side, street lighting has a light efficacy that can be used for energy conservation.

Light lamp efficacy is the ratio of luminal output to electric power consumption expressed by lumen / watt

unit. The efficacy of the lamplight affects the light intensity in the candela unit and the intensity of light affects

the illumination in lux units. By using Model Type: Utilization of SUTR power through converter to PJU-

LED obtained energy conservation of 40.149 GWh and Utilization of SUTR power through converter to PJU-

LED and DIM obtained energy conservation of 48,897 GWh of national road along the 2632.22 km in North

Sumatera Province, and resulted in a decrease in carbon emissions of 45,769 kTon CO

and 55,742 kTon CO

respectively, resulting in carbon trading values of US $83,752.27 and US $ 102,013.35.

1 INTRODUCTION

At present, the condition of shortage of electrical

energy can occur due to limited supply of electrical

energy is smaller than the larger energy needs. The

rate of growth of electricity demand will tend to be

greater if not addressed will cause the level of

availability of electrical energy to be disrupted.

To overcome the limitations of electrical energy,

energy conservation efforts are needed. Conservation

of electrical energy can be achieved through 2

approaches that are 1. By increasing the efficiency of

electrical energy usage and 2. Reducing

losses(Arvind and Tejinder, 2009). Conservation

efforts can be achieved through two aspects: 1.

Aspect of technology and 2. Aspect of human

behavior change (Khan and Halder, 2016).

In the case of electric energy crisis, Bangladesh as

one of the developing countries can save electricity

consumption 3% -20% through changes in human

behavior. The management of energy efficiency in

the consumer side and service sectors is always based

on the application of demand side management

(Mohamed and Mohamed, 2009)

The energy absorbed by the cloud and the earth's

surface is reflected back in the form of infrared

radiation, but some of the infrared radiation emitted

by the earth is held up by clouds and gases of carbon

dioxide and other greenhouse gases, to be returned

back to the earth's surface (Fredrich, et al.,2010).

Under normal circumstances, the greenhouse effect is

required. With the greenhouse effect the temperature

difference between day and night on earth is not too

much different.

In the control of regulated air pollution which

refers to the maintenance of the environment should

be the basis in the development of society (Warner,

2010)

With the electric energy crisis, the development

pattern of electric energy generation and the

utilization of electrical energy become related to the

issue of global warming, so to overcome the

thickening of carbon dioxide emission, the utilization

212

Janter, ., Mawengkang, H., Ba’afai, U. and M. N., N.

A Model of Carbon Emission Reduction based on the Efﬁcacy of National Public Road Lighting in North Sumatera Province.

DOI: 10.5220/0010040702120216

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and Technology (ICEST 2018), pages 212-216

ISBN: 978-989-758-496-1

of environmentally friendly technology becomes the

choice(Dingra and Singh, 2009).

One of the efforts to obtain potential energy

conservation done is on general street lighting due to

its use occurs only at night and at the same time the

peak load (escolar, et al., 2015)

Particularly for national street lighting a large

energy requirement is managed for the convenience

of driving at night (Biwas, et al., 2013).

To get energy conservation, applied Model Type:

Utilization of SUTR power through converter to PJU-

LED and DIM

To determine the level of carbon emissions caused

by the generation and utilization of electrical energy,

using data generating electricity in Indonesia, then the

CO2 emission factor is 1.14 Kg / KWh stated by

United Nation Development Project (UNDP).

Referring to the results of the National Strategy

Study (NSS) indicating that the CDM potential of the

energy sector is about 2.1% of Indonesia's total 1200

million tons of CO2 emissions per year. Thus the

CDM potential of the energy sector is 25.2 million

tons of CO2 per year at a price of US $1.83 per ton.

2 LIGHT EFFICACY

The efficacy of light is the ratio of the lumen output

to the power consumption expressed in lumen / watt

units.

K = Ø/P

Where,

K is the light efficacy (Lm / W)

Ø is Flux light (Lm)

P is electric power (Watt)

In street lighting, the height of the lamppost

affects the spreading of light. The higher the pole is

used, the resulting light widened with a smaller level

of illumination.

To determine the angle of the line that connects

the endpoint of the lamp and the point in the middle

of the road with the horizontal line is as follows in

Fig.1

r =



ℎ²  𝑐²

Cosψ = h/r

Where,

r is the side of beveled line, the distance from the end

of the lamp to the point in the middle of the road

c is the horizontal line, the distance from the

projection point of the lamp end to the point in the

middle of the road

h is the pole height

ψ is the angle between r and h

Light endpoint

h r

P The midpoint of street

Figure 1: Effect of lamppost height on illumination

To calculate the intensity of light (I) in units of

candela (cd):

I = Ø/ ω

ω = 4π

K = Ø/P or Ø=KxP

Then, I = KxP/4π

Illumination E

in units of Lux at the point P in

the middle of the street is

= I x Cos ψ/r

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Model Type: Utilization of SUTR

Power through Converter to

PJU-LED and DIM

The P

PJUN-SUTR

approach model is an approach model

with low voltage network (SUTR) as an energy

source and High Pressure Mercury Lamp (MBF) is

changed to LED Lights as PJU National Public Road

Lighting, PJU

SUTR-LED

. Among SUTR and PJU

SUTR-

LED

are used converters that convert alternating

current into DC current. Then, used the P

PJUN-DIM

approach by dimming the output of lighting at a

certain time or shutting down half of the number of

lamps that apply.

Energy conservation can be obtained in 2 stages.

In stage 1, energy conservation is obtained from

18:00 to 24:00 WIB, as follows :

PJUN-SUTR

[1] = [P

SUTR-MBF

- (P

SUTR-LED

+ ΔP

Konv

)]

A Model of Carbon Emission Reduction based on the Efﬁcacy of National Public Road Lighting in North Sumatera Province

213

Konsv-SUTR

[1] = (P

PJUN-SUTR

[1]) x n

Konsv-SUTR

[1]

= P

Konsv-SUTR

[1]

x Oh

Konsv-SUTR

[1]

= E

Konsv-SUTR

[1] x J

Where :

Konsv-SUTR

[1]

: Energy conservation is converted to

emissions (Kg) stage 1

Konsv-SUTR

[1] : Annual energy conservation of PJUN-

SUTR (KWh / Year)

Konsv-SUTR

[1] : Power Conservation PJUN-SUTR

(KW)

PJUN-SUTR

[1]

: Power of PJUN-SUTR lamp.

SUTR-MBF

[1]

: Power of PJUN-MBF lamp

SUTR-LED

[1]

: Power of SUTR-LED light

n : Number of lights

Oh : Working hours

: CO

Emission Factor (Kg / KWh)

In stage 2, energy conservation is obtained from

24:00 to 06:00 WIB, as follows :

PJUN-SUTR

[2] = ½[P

SUTR-MBF

- (P

SUTR-LED

+ ΔP

Konv

)]

Konsv-SUTR

[2] = (P

PJUN-SUTR

[2]) x n

Konsv-SUTR

[2]

= P

Konsv-SUTR

[2]

x Oh

Konsv-SUTR

[2]

= E

Konsv-SUTR

[2] x J

Where :

Konsv-SUTR

[2]

: Energy conservation is converted to

emissions (Kg) stage 1

Konsv-SUTR

[2] : Annual energy conservation of PJUN-

SUTR (KWh / Year)

Konsv-SUTR

[2] : Power Conservation PJUN-SUTR

(KW)

PJUN-SUTR

[2]

: Power of PJUN-SUTR lamp.

SUTR-MBF

[2]

: Power of PJUN-MBF lamp

SUTR-LED

[2]

: Power of SUTR-LED light

Then,

= J

Konsv-SUTR

[1] +

Konsv-SUTR

[2]

: Total energy conservation is converted to CO

Emissions

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 The Effect of Height Variation of

Light Pole on Illumination

As a reference used MBF, 400 watts, 110 Lumen/watt

for primary arterial road.

The effect of the height variation of light poles on

the illumination produced with certain light efficacy

on the primary arterial road at the midpoint of the road

is obtained by the following calculation:

1. Lamp type: MBF, 400 Watt, 53 lumens / watt

Road width: 8 m

h = 10 m

c = 2.95 m

r =



10²  2,95²

= 10.426 m

Cosψ = 10 / 10.426

= 0.959

I = 53x400 / (4x3,14)

= 1687.898 cd

Then,

= 1687.898x 0,959 / 10.426

= 14.891 Lux

As a reference used MBF, 180 watts, 53 Lumen/watt

for primary collector road.

2. Lamp type: MBF, 180 Watt, 53 lumens / watt

Road width: 7 m

h = 7 m

c = 2.6 m

r =



7²  2.6²

= 7.467 m

Cosψ = 7 / 7.467

= 0.937

I = 53x180 / (4x3,14)

= 759.554 cd

Then,

= 759.554x 0,937 / 7.467

= 12.764 Lux

Using lamp type: LED, 120 watt, 130 lumen / watt

For primary arterial road, then

Road width: 8 m

h = 8 m

c = 3.1 m

r =



8²  3.1²

= 8.57 m

Cosψ = 8 / 8.57

= 0.93

I = 120x130 / (4x3.14)

= 1242.03 cd

Then,

= 1242.03x 0,93 / 8.57

= 15.73 Lux

For collector road, then

Road width: 7 m

h = 8 m

c = 2.6 m

r =



8²  2.6²

= 8.41 m

Cosψ = 8 / 8.41

= 0.95

I = 120x130 / (4x3.14)

= 1242.03 cd

Then,

= 1242.03x 0,95 / 8.41

= 16.69 Lux

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

214

4.2 Fossil Electrical Energy

Requirements for PJU of National

Road Segment

According to criteria of primary artery road with

width of road body is 8 m, requirement of lighting

quality is 11- 20 Lux, used lamp lamp of MBF, 400

Watt with 11 m pole height with 40 m inter pole

distance. For primary collector road with road width

is 7 m using MBF lamp, 180 watt with 8 m pole height

with 40 m interpole distance.

Therefore, electricity consumption is obtained in

1 year on primary artery road along 1142 Km with

operating time 4145 hours in 1 year, as follows:

1. Number of PJU Pillar is (Length of Road/40) + 1

2. PJU electrical power

PJU-SUTR

= 400 Watt x Number of posts

= 400 Watt x 28,551

= 11.420 MW

3. PJU electrical energy requirement in one year is

PJU-SUTR

= 400 Watt x Number of poles x 4145

hours

= 400 Watt x 28.551 pole x 4145

hours

= 47.337 GWh

Electric energy consumption is obtained within 1

year on Collector Primer-1 Road along 1490.22 Km

with operating time of 4145 hours in 1 year, as

follows:

1. Number of PJU Pillar is (Length of Road / 40)+1

2. PJU electrical power

PJU-SUTR

= 180 Watt x Number of posts

= 180 Watt x 37.256

= 6,706 MW

3. PJU electrical energy requirement in one year is

PJU-SUTR

= 180 Watt x Number of poles x

4145 hours

= 180 Watt x 37.256 pole x

4145 hours

= 27.796 GWh

The need for electrical energy PJU-SUTR

National Road along 2632.22 Km in 2019 is equal to

75.133 GWh.

4.3 Electrical Energy Needs with

Model Type: Utilization of SUTR

Power through Converter to PJU-

LED and DIM

4.3.1 The Need for Electrical Energy on the

Utilization of SUTR Power through

Converter to PJU-LED

Electric energy consumption in 1 year on Primary

Arterial Road and Primary Collector Road along

2632,22 Km with operation time 4145 hours in 1 year,

as follows:

a. The number of PJU pole is

(Length of Road/40) +1

b. PJU electrical power

PJU-LED

= 120 Watt x Number of poles

= 120 Watt x 65,807

= 7,896,840 W

PJU-LED

= 7,896,840 x 4145

= 32,732 GWh

Load current,

I = 7,896,840/(220x0,85)

= 42,229.09 A

Losses on SUTR,

ΔW

SUTR

= 5% x220x42,229.09x4145

= 1.925 GWh

Losses on the converter,

ΔW

conv

= 1% x 32.732 = 0.327 GWh

So, the energy requirement for the national road is

= 32.732 + 1.925 +0.327

= 34.984 GWh

4.3.2 The Need for Electrical Energy on the

Utilization of SUTR Power through

Converter to PJU-LED and DIM

When at 18:00 to 24:00 pm, the lights illuminate all,

then the need for electrical energy is

PJU-LED

= 7,896,840 x 2072.5

= 16.366 GWh

ΔW

SUTR

= 5% x220x42,229.09x2072.5

= 0.962 GWh

ΔW

conv

= 1% x 16.366 = 0.163 GWh

W[1] = 16.366 GWh + 0.962 GWh + 0.163 GWh

= 17.491 GWh

When half of the LED bulb is turned off at 24.00

- 06.00 WIB, then the need for electrical energy is

W [2] = ½ x 17.491 GWh

= 8.745 GWh

= W [1] + W [2]

= 17.491 GWh + 8.745 GWh

= 26.236 GWh

A Model of Carbon Emission Reduction based on the Efﬁcacy of National Public Road Lighting in North Sumatera Province

215

With model type: SUTR power utilization

through converter to PJU-LED and DIM obtained

energy conservation as in table 1.

Table 1. Energy Conservation

Energy Requirement Energy

Conservation

En . Ref

(GWh)

With Converter To

PJU-LED (GWh)

With Converted

to PJU-LED and

DIM (GWh)

75.133 34.984 | 40.149 26.236 | 48.897

and obtained the reduction of carbon emissions as

in table 2

Table 2. CO

Emission Reduction

Emmision

Factor

(KgCO

/kWh)

(GWh)

Energy Conservation

Emission

reduction (kTon

)

With Converter To

PJU-LED (GWh)

With Converted

to PJU-LED and

DIM (GWh)

1.14 40.149 45.769 48.897 55.742

According to the energy sector CDM potential

by National Strategy Study (NSS) at a price of US

$ 1.83 per ton then, in carbon trading is obtained as

follows in Table 3

Table 3. The Value of Carbon Trading

Carbon

Price $/Ton

Emission reduction

(kTon Co

)

Carbo Trading

Value $

With Converter To

PJU-LED (GWh)

With Converted

to PJU-LED and

DIM (GWh)

1.83 45.769 83,752.27 55.742

102,013.35

5 CONCLUSIONS

Energy conservation is an energy efficiency use

measure by reducing energy consumption or

replacing energy sources to get the same benefits. In

this paper, energy conservation is obtained by

replacing Lighting lamps of the MBF Lights type into

LEDs and between Low Voltage Networks as a

converted energy source converter. Obtained energy

conservation of 45.769 GWh as a stage 1 and by

doing Dimmer as stage 2 obtained energy

conservation of 55.742 GWh.

By carrying out conservation measures along the

2632.22 km national road in North Sumatera

Province using LED-Dimmer Converter, a carbon

emission reduction of 55.742 kTon CO2 was

obtained with a carbon trading value of US

$ 102,013.35.

Converter technology makes it possible to

conserve energy by using LED lights.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our thanks to University of Sumatera Utara and

University of Darma Agung for the support of the

facilities provided.

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Technology

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