Construction of Fiberglass Boat in Padang City

with Hand Lay up Method

Sanny Ardhy, Haznam Putra, Rina

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dharma Andalas University, Padang City, West Sumatera, Indonesia

Keywords: FRP, hand lay up, resin, open mould, Pantai Muaro

Abstract: Wooden fishing boats gradually began to be abandoned by fishermen. Now, many fishermen have switched

to using ships from materials fiberglass. This is because the amount of wood that has been increasingly

limited, and the price is also very expensive. In addition, wooden ships require a lot once treatment and

lifespan are also limited. While the advantages of fiberglass boats, among others, age or lifetime of the ship

more durable, maintenance is much easier and cost-effective (cost). Fiber ships are also much lighter, and

more leverage in the production of fish catch. Fiberglass shipbuilding process that many made, using

Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) technique. In the manufacture of fiber boats, there are two frequently

used lamination methods, namely Hand Lay Up and Chopper Gun. This method is the easiest and simplest

method of lamination. Hand Lay Up is an open mold method. This method is carried out by applying resin to

the reinforcing material using brush/roll. Usually this method is done for the manufacture of hull, swimming

pool, and others. The research was conducted in Muaro Beach fishing area Padang. There are five units of

fiberglass fishing vessels that are sampled. The purpose of this research is to assist fishermen, especially

producing ships fiberglass is much better to maximize the catch of fish.

1 INTRODUCTION

Padang City is the capital of West Sumatra province

located on the west coast of Sumatra island, with a

coastline of 84 km long. Almost a third residents of

Padang City, amounting to 900,000 people, depend

on fishing life. Fishing boats in the city of Padang,

generally made of wood. As is known, wooden and

fiberglass ships have a different weight of 20 Kg/m2

for wood and 14 Kg/m2 for fiberglass. Heavy factor

this greatly affects the displacement and stability of

the ship. Of course also against the catch.

In addition, the problem is that if there is scarcity

of wood. Therefore, the use of fiberglass is expected

to replace wood as the main material of shipbuilders,

especially for small and medium sized fishing boats.

In general, fishing boats use timber very good quality,

like old teak wood. However, now teak has become

rare. Even if there is, the price is very expensive. This

all caused the fishermen to have difficulty in making

the ship.

Therefore, now fishermen are starting to think of

switching to fiberglass as the raw material for

shipbuilders. In addition to its sufficient availability,

the price even less expensive than wood. Not only

that, the fish catch is much more. Because the

fiberglass ships are much lighter, more flexible inside

catching fish.

The purpose of this research is for fishermen and

Pemko Padang. Especially for fishermen, this study

aims to help fishermen to increase productivity

catches of fishermen and fishermen's welfare. As for

the local government, this research can be used as a

reference in the preparation of the Budget

Regional Expenditure (APBD) to assist the

procurement of fiberglass boats for fishermen. The

benefits of this research to improve economic growth

of the real sector of the people of Padang City,

especially in maritime field (maritime).

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Padang city is the most developed city compared to

other cities located in the waters of the western edge

of the island of Sumatra. This city borders directly

with the Indonesian Ocean. The city of Padang

evolves as its strategic position, so it has been one of

the longest a port on the western edge of Sumatra, in

addition to its position as the provincial capital. With

168

Ardhy, S., Putra, H. and Rina, .

Construction of Fiberglass Boat in Padang City with Hand Lay up Method.

DOI: 10.5220/0010040001680172

In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and Technology (ICEST 2018), pages 168-172

ISBN: 978-989-758-496-1

such a position, there should be many efforts marine

that has the potential to develop, especially marine

and fishery business. In the city of Padang, in addition

to Muaro Beach, fishing boats as well many operating

in Pasia Nan Tigo, Air Tawar, Purus, Gauang,

Bungus and Sungai Pisang.

2.1 Construction Process of FRP

Fiberglass shipbuilding process that many made,

using Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) technique.

This FRP process is very different from ship building

process made from other materials such as steel,

aluminum, and wood. FRP ship production process is

much lighter than the ship steel. This is because the

construction of FRP construction vessels starts with

the preparation of mold making. While the production

process of steel vessels consists of welding process,

assembly, cutting and bending. The FRP ship is only

made with the initial capital of a mold to form the

vessel. Mold making usually uses FRP materials that

have a certain thickness and tensile strength, such as

using CSM 600 or also can be made with wood and

plywood.

FRP design technology consists of design stage,

material selection, and strength calculation

(construction). The design of FRP must also be pay

attention to basic design criteria such as spatial / space

use coefficient, comfort factor and performance. This

fiberglass vessel is effective to increase the

productivity of fisherman catch and to reduce the cost

of fishing. Age of life longer, high strength, corrosion

resistance, light weight, production cost and

maintenance is much cheaper than wooden vessels,

does not require repeated painting.

Figure 1: Design of fiberglass fishing vessel with FRP

technology

2.2 Construction Material

In the construction of FRP construction vessels, there

are major material elements. Among them are

reinforcement, resin, and core materials.

Reinforcement or amplifier is widely used ie FRP.

This is because the cost is cheaper than other

boosters. Resin is one of the basic ingredients used in

the shipbuilding industry of FRP construction. The

catalyst is a material that has the same function as the

hardener that is for accelerate the reaction of the

polymerization process, but is used as a polyester

resin pair and vinyl esters resin. Gelcoat is the

material used as the outermost layer of the ship's hull

to be built.

Figure 2: The processing of fiberglass fishing vessel with

FRP technology using permanent mold making model role.

2.3 Lamination Method

In the manufacture of fiber boats, there are three

frequently used lamination methods. Here is an

explanation of the laminate method:

1) Hand Lay Up Method

The basic method of building a fiber boat. This

method is the easiest and simplest method of

lamination. Disadvantages of this method; not

maximally the result of pooling of layers or

arrangement between fiber and resin on ship body

formed.

2) Chopper Gun Method

This method requires a gun-shaped tool that will fire

fiber pieces with resin to all layers of mold (mold)

which are then put together with a roll. In coating

using chopper gun technique, can only use fiber in the

form of yarn roll (Spray Gun Roving).

3) Vacuum Infusion Method

This method is either a closed printing method or a

Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) system. The resin is

injected into a certain mold, then the top is covered in

a rigid mold. However, in vacuum infusion, the top

mold is replaced with plastic film. Advantages of the

vacuum infusion method; laminate results are thinner,

evener, and stronger. This study discusses only

shipbuilding with vacuum infusion printing patterns.

Construction of Fiberglass Boat in Padang City with Hand Lay up Method

169

Figure 3: FRP mold permanent and non permanent.

3 METHODOLOGY

Stages performed in this study started from the

analysis of damage, such as the emergence of cracks

in the body of the ship or paint that has begun to fade

[5]. Materials and tools used for the maintenance and

repair of fiberglass boats are:

I. Raw materials

- Resin - Woven Roving

- Katalist - Talk (powder)

- Reinforcing Mat - Kubalt / Acclerator

- Roving - Pigment

- Gelcoat - Mirror Glaze Wax

- Poly Vinyl Acid (PVA).

II. Supporting material

- Rubber sheets 10 cm x 15 cm x 1 cm

- Paper sandpaper

- Envelope cloth number 0

- paint thinner A

- Thinner A (oil diluent)

- Cloth / majun

- Blue detergent soap / acetone

- Wood stirrer

- Freshwater.

III. Equipment used

- Hand grinders / grinding wheels

- Palm-fiber broom

- Brush

- Scales

- Measuring cup

- Bucket of water

- Knives / scissors

- Marker

- Ruler / meter

- Compressors

- Spray gun

- Wooden / rubber blocks

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Design

For the design process, the total length (LOA) length,

long water line (LWL), maximum width (beam

maximum / Bmax), beam water line width, depth of

hull (Depth / D), full of water (draft / d),

displacement, maximum speed (speed max), ship

type / function and material type.

4.2 Construction Phase (drawing)

It consists of lines plan and off-set drawings,

hydrostatic curve drawings including calculations,

weight and weight calculations, trim and stability

calculations, construction profile drawings, middle

cross-sectional drawings, installation drawings

(electricity, plumbing, steering, machinery,

navigation, communication), interior pictures and

other detail images.

Based on the drawings, the production process can

begin. Initial stage, mold making (mold). Mold

consists of two types, semi permanent and permanent

mold. semi-permanent molds are usually made for

orders in relatively few quantities. Conversely,

permanent prints are made for orders in relatively

large quantities (mass production). For making this

permanent mold, first made a prototype ship that will

be made.

The semi-permanent and permanent mold

comprises a female mold method, ie a mold that the

inner side is slippery and the outer side is rough. The

semi-permanent mold making stage is the preparation

of the molding stand, the sections, the interlinking of

sections, the installation of the mold closure, the

installation of the surface layers of the mold and the

finishing.

While the stage of making permanent mold is the

making of prototype ship FRP ship from semi-

permanent mold. After the molding phase is

complete, the production process can begin. To

determine the construction and strength of the FRP

ship structure can be used regulations such as Lloyd

The determination of the thickness of FRP ship

structure layers can be determined based on the speed

of the vessel and the length of the flow line. Repeats

and bulkheads (girder, frames and bulkhead) can be

used marine plywood which is then covered / casted

with fiberglass layer so it is a unity with the hull of

the ship. Engine stand or transom ship outboard

engine can be used double marine plywood coated

with FRP.

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

170

As for the inboard engine ship, the foundation of

the engine can use strong and durable wood. Where

possible, first-class timber and FRP coated and bound

to the hull of the ship are used. The merging of the

hull, the deck, the pavilion, etc. is tied with stainless

steel screws and inside it is foamed and casted with

FRP so that it does not leak.

Figure 4: Fiber boat after gelcoat

4.3 Making Resin

Commonly called polyester resin is a solid or semi-

solid type of nature or synthetic, generally with high

molecular weight. Resin is one of the main

components of manufacture of FRP, as an adhesive

and solvent material of fiberglass sheet. The

reinforcement material depends on the number, type

and arrangement of fiberglass in the material. The

more fiberglass, the stronger the product. The FRP

reinforcement types are:

1. Continuous roving, is a combination of parallel

fibers into a single strand with little or no winding,

available in the form of cylindrical packaging for

further processing. Continuous rovings have good

mechanical properties and are generally

dismembered for spray ups.

2. Woven roving, is a strong and heavy type of

reinforcement, in the form of flexible sheets woven

from continuous roving, available in wide, thick and

heavy alternatives. Woven roving is mainly used in

hand lay up process.

3. Reinforcing mat, can be made from chopped strand

or continuous strand.

There are three kinds of reinforcing mat:

1. Continuous strand mat, is a reinforcing mat made

from continuous strand woven, commonly used for

the strength of the product being.

2. Chopped strand mat, is a reinforcing mat made

from a strand piece and randomly combined with a

certain binder, thin random fiber sheet such as mat

300/mat 450, first layer/basic FRP used for the

manufacture of products with medium strength and

usually for hand lay up.

3. Combination mat, is a combination of chopped

strand mat and woven roving, both mechanically and

chemically, forming a strong reinforcement, woven-

shaped fiberglass sheets such as roving 600/roving

800. The use of combination mat speeds up the hand

lay up time.

Figure 5: Fiberglass boats that are ready to be produced

5 CONCLUSIONS

FRP is a resin-composed material, a reinforcing

material of fiberglass and additive. Fiberglass

reinforcement materials as well as the FRP printing

process are various, depending on the type of fabric

to be made and the desired specifications. Advantages

of using FRP:

a. High strength, FRP has a high strength to weight

ratio, flexural strength and impact strength FRP is

generally the same, even stronger than metal.

b. Corrosion resistant and chemicals, these properties

cause FRP to be a suitable material for seawater.

c. Lightweight, FRP has a high strength, but still

lightweight than metal.

d. The stable shape, the perfect curing form of FRP,

will not change greater than its tolerance. The higher

fiberglass content or fiberglass combination with

inorganic filler, the coefficient of expansion of heat

and contraction will decrease, so that the shape of the

object is maintained.

e. Reducing equipment costs, FRP can be made

efficiently in many ways, both for large and limited

production. Equipment for manufacturing FRP

products is cheaper than equipment for

manufacturing the same type of products made of

metal. This makes FRP profitable, both for large and

small industries.

Construction of Fiberglass Boat in Padang City with Hand Lay up Method

171

f. Flexible in design, FRP can be used for various

types of usage.

g. Hold electricity because the conductor is weak.

h. Can be directly printed in color so that the final

product does not require painting anymore.

REFERENCES

Aditya Amor Patria, Triwilaswandio, Wuruk Pribadi, 2017.

Analisis Teknis dan Ekonomis Pembangunan Kapal

Ikan Tradisional Ukuran <10 GT Berbahan Kayu Utuh

Dengan Teknologi Laminasi Kayu Mahoni, Jurnal

Teknik ITS Vol. 6, No. 1.

D Ardiana, R Razali, M Muharnis, 2014. Proses Pembuatan

Kapal FRP Berkapasitas 14 M Bagi Nelayan di

Kabupaten Bengkalis, Inovtek Polbeng.

Anwar Khaerul, 2012. Analisis Produksi Kapal Perikanan

Berbahan Dasar Kayu dan Fiberglass IPB, Bogor.

Buana Ma’ruf, 2011. Studi Standarisasi Konstruksi

Laminasi Lambung Kapal Fiberglass, Jurnal

Standarisasi. Vol.13 No.1 p. 16-25.

Munasir, 2011. Studi Pengaruh Orientasi Serat Fiber Glass

Searah dan Dua Arah Single Layer terhadap Kekuatan

Tarik Bahan Komposit Polypropylene, Jurnal

Penelitian Fisika dan Aplikasinya (JPFA), Vol. 1 No. 1,

June.

SA Muharam, 2011. Desain dan Konstruksi Kapal

Pibreglass di PT. Carita Boat Indonesia Kecamatan

Setu, Kota Tangerang Selatan, Banten, IPB, Bogor.

Parlindungan Manik, Eko Sasmito Hadi, 2008. Analisa

Teknis dan Ekonomis Penggunaan Coremat Untuk

Konstruksi FRP (fiberglass reinforced plastic)

Sandwich Pada Badan Kapal, Jurnal KAPAL, Vol. 5,

No.2, June.

Korol, I and Latorre, R., 2010. Development of Eco-

Friendly Fishing Vessel An Ecological Vehicle

Renewable Energies, Monaco, March.

ICEST 2018 - 3rd International Conference of Computer, Environment, Agriculture, Social Science, Health Science, Engineering and

Technology

172