WorkUp: A Mobile Application to Support Health Guidelines

Vinicius dos Santos

, Henrique Yoshikazu Shishido

, Francisco Pereira Junior

and Gabrielle Jacklin Eler

Departament of Computing, Federal Technological University of Paran

a, 1640 Alberto Carazzai Avenue,

86300000, Corn

elio Proc

opio, Paran

a, Brazil

Collegiate of Nursing, Federal Institute of Paran

a, 600 Jo

ao XXIII, 86060370, Londrina, Paran

a, Brazil

Keywords:

Health Status, Indicators, Public Health, Monitoring.

Abstract:

Objective: This paper presents a model of mobile application to assess patients and prescribe physical exer-

cises offering interaction among health professionals and patients. Methods: The project is based on mobile

platform and implemented using client-server architecture and cloud computing for data synchronization in

different devices. Results: Health professionals and patients tested our application and answered question-

naire. The results indicate that the functionality and usability are satisfactory adhesion to our app design.

Conclusion: Our approach may be a candidate model to government agencies to support in prevention of

obesity and improve the health indicators of the patient to a healthier life.

1 INTRODUCTION

Communicable and non-communicable diseases are

increasing in south of Brazil, becoming the main

cause of death along with obesity risk factors (Capil-

heira et al., 2008). Prevention and early diagnosis of

obesity are important for health promotion and the re-

duction of morbidity and mortality. Obesity has a di-

rect impact in the individual’s social acceptance due

to the aesthetic concept widespread in contemporary

society (Schmidt et al., 2011). A study conducted

by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statis-

tics showed overweight in 50.1% of men and 48%

of women (da Sa

ude, 2014). Actually, there is evi-

dence that the percentage of overweight in the global

population has reached approximately 60% (Popkin,

2011).

Mobile health (mHealth) is the use of mobile com-

puting and communication technologies in health care

and public health (Free et al., 2010). Mobile applica-

tions are an option to support government agencies

in order to monitor population health indicators, and

manage the physical activities both of children and

adults. In Brazil, government programs developed by

the Ministry of Health, such as Food and Nutrition

Surveillance, Family Health Strategy, and the School

Health Program are part of the National Policy for

Health Promotion. These programs have the physi-

cal activity as one of their priorities. Individuals diag-

nosed with chronic diseases and abnormal anthropo-

metric data, should be referred to the Health Unit for

treatment and monitoring (da Sa

ude, 2014).

Numerous systems have been developed in health-

care using mobile technologies. The applications

enable collect data, usually by a questionnaire to

assist public policies of disease control (Morrison

et al., 2014). Recent studies have covered appli-

cations that promote the practice of physical activi-

ties that meet fundamental characteristics of mHealth

and tracks physical activity and food comsuption be-

havior data (Al Ayubi et al., 2014). According to

a recent mHealth apps review (Knight et al., 2015),

there is no application that supports speciﬁcally pub-

lic guidelines for aerobic physical activity (Tucker

et al., 2011).

This study aimed to develop a mobile applica-

tion model that supports public guidelines for aerobic

physical activity. This paper is not focused neither

in deploy nor test the app on site. It provides an op-

portunity to support government health programs. We

show the development of application, called WorkUp.

It enables the health professional such as physical ed-

ucator linked to government health programs to evalu-

ate patients and track medical histories with a variety

of methods, such as: a) calculation of body fat in-

dex; b) determination of types of exercises and daily

activities; c) class scheduling; d) interaction between

both professional and patient; and, e) app data can be

accessed with any mobile device connected on the In-

ternet.

dos Santos V., Yoshikazu Shishido H., Pereira Junior F. and Eler G.

WorkUp: A Mobile Application to Support Health Guidelines.

DOI: 10.5220/0006142902970304

In Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2017), pages 297-304

ISBN: 978-989-758-213-4

297

The remaining part of the paper proceeds as fol-

lows: we discussed about related studies in second

section. Section three presents the technologies, de-

velopment process, software architecture, and tests

and validation methods. In section four, the project

implementation is presented. The ﬁfth section is pre-

sented a qualitative evaluation about our design ac-

ceptance through users interview. Finally, we present

our conclusion and limitations of our study in the sec-

tion six.

2 RELATED WORK

Studies in several countries show success in com-

bating obesity using physical activity together with

combined interventions: changes to food/diet, in-

creased physical activity, and behavioral strategies

(Jebb et al., 2011; Turner et al., 2012). Face-to-face

approaches are effective, but they are relatively ex-

pensive to implement, difﬁcult to scale up, and do not

suit those who work or live far from venues. The addi-

tion of mHealth apps in everyday life offers a practical

and potentially cost-effective solution to the barriers

of face-to-face approaches (Waterlander et al., 2014).

Researches demonstrated strong support for a

mHealth weight management intervention; with 75%

saying they would use a mobile app for weight man-

agement intervention (Gorton et al., 2011). Another

study showed that the widespread use of information

and communication technology tools offers an inno-

vative and potentially beneﬁcial avenue to increase

the level of physical activity in Heart Failure (HF) pa-

tients (Franklin, 2015).

A survey performed in 2012, shows 50 applica-

tions available in Brazil within the health ﬁeld, of

which 20 belong only to the Android platform, 19 to

the iOS platform, 6 on the Windows Phone platform,

1 supporting the three platforms (Diet and Health),

and 4 common to Android and iOS platforms (SUS

Procedures, SAESP, Measure One and Emagrecen-

tro). They are mostly free (32 apps), but the Android

platform leads to greater amount of paid applications.

The content of more than half of these applications is

aimed at professionals. The applications targeting the

consumer public deal primarily with issues related to

diet and physical conditioning (Bonome et al., 2012).

But still, comprehensive applications that enable a

range of information about the patient and that allow

the participation in the evolution process of his gen-

eral state of health and weight are necessary. This is

why we purposed and developed the WorkUp, based

on users’ needs becoming part of a National Policy

for Health Promotion.

WorkUp, as other studies, has shown interest and

adherence on the part of those involved. Some authors

demonstrated that the success level of health services

depends on the level of user acceptance and adoption

(Sezgin and Yıldırım, 2014). Additional research is

needed to explore several hypotheses. For example, if

more engaging user interfaces, including easier nav-

igation, simpler layouts, and reﬁned aesthetics can

contribute to the adherence of mHealth apps. Then,

from this point of research design, the emerging stud-

ies should include more qualitative approaches and

longitudinal studies in order to effectively understand

the user’s needs (Kaplan and Maxwell, 2005), which

can strengthen the qualitative research conducted for

the WorkUp.

3 METHODS

For the application’s development, the system plan-

ning, design, and implementation were performed.

Later, an evaluation of usability was applied in pa-

tients and health professionals.

3.1 Technologies and Tools

We adopted Android platform due to its highly used

technology, its ability to support wide hardware com-

patibility, and to offer many components that provide

a good user interaction. The codiﬁcation is based on

Java and eXtended Markup Language (XML) ﬁles de-

scribe in the user interface. The Android Develop-

ment Toolkit (ADT) was adopted for application test

through the use of its virtual device emulator.

The artefacts and requirements were modelled in

Uniﬁed Modelling Language (UML) to design sys-

tem diagrams using Astah Community Edition. The

database was designed in BrModelo software that

generates database script commands. SQLite was the

system database employed for data persistence due to

its native support for Android, good performance and

low resources usage. In Android Development Tools

(ADT) contains a manager for SQLite databases in

order to handle data manually during development.

WorkUp data is stored on the cloud to get a wide

geographic access and allow users access to their syn-

chronized data, regardless of the device. Web service

technology was chosen to synchronize the local data

with the cloud, as it works as a neutral technology that

can transmit data and be easily adapted to any other

technology.

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3.2 Data Synchronization

The application server was deployed on Amazon EC2

Services. The operating system was Linux Ubuntu

14.04, Java 8, and MySQL database to store all data

through web services.

When our application is installed on a mobile de-

vice, it starts a service that periodically communicates

with the data synchronization web service. Clients

perform a query to check available updates in cloud

database. The communication model is represented

in Figure 1. If there is an update, the appropriate rou-

tine will be started automatically to synchronize the

data.

The security of data communication can be treated

in three ways. Firstly data is encrypted before it will

be sent to server or retrieved from it. Before the data

transmission to cloud, data is encrypted and its in-

tegrity is checked when arrives on the other side. In

local SQLite database, there are libraries to encrypt

data such as SQLCipher and SQLiteCrypt.

Figure 1: Data synchronization model of WorkUp.

4 PROJECT RESULTS

This section describes our app structure and use-ﬂow.

Our application has two user types: health profes-

sional (HP) and patient (P). Each one performs differ-

ent activities on app. Both user type share functionali-

ties such as account activities and view patient assess-

ment, training set and class schedule. However, there

are particular functions, which each user type can ac-

cess. Health professional are able to create patient

assessments, create or reuse training sets and manage

class schedules. These functionalities are organized

in modules, which are detailed in Table 1.

The basic use-ﬂow consists in both user types cre-

ate an account on app. After, health professional

should add a relationship with his respective patients.

The patients list of a health professional must be de-

ﬁned by the health unit. The patient must accept the

request for relationship with the health professional.

For each patient, the health team can schedule an as-

sessment in order to verify patient health indicators.

This assessment can be performed periodically in or-

der to track the patients’ health progress. Then, the

physical educator can create a training set based on

patient’s physical needs and send it to him. The exe-

cution of exercises is registered by the patient on app,

and it can be visualized by the physical educator. Ac-

cording to health program policy, there is an option to

the HP schedule classes with patients individually or

in groups. If the patient agrees with proposed sched-

ule, he can accept it. Otherwise, the patient can mes-

sage his health professional asking another available

time.

4.1 Proﬁle Management and User

Communication

Local data persistence and guidelines to allow com-

munication between the mobile app and web service

to validate login (F1) were some of the features imple-

mented. The Facebook API was integrated to provide

access to the app using a Facebook account (F2). A

notiﬁcation and synchronization service (F16) had to

be created in order to keep communication between

the patient and the professional. We have also de-

veloped functions such as search user (F5), with the

option of adding other users to the contact list. As

stated earlier, a professional can establish connection

with several patients. When clicking on a patient, the

professional can manage his patients through an inter-

face that allows access to assessments, training pre-

scriptions, class schedule, and the removal of the pa-

tient (F6) from his list. The concern of the third sprint

was the implementation of the interfaces for personal

data handling through control panels, where the user

has access to information and can update it as desired

(F7).

4.2 Management of Assessments

The second module deals with the management of as-

sessments. It was concerned in keeping some char-

acteristics in data collection, such as the interfaces

understanding, separation of each type of evaluation,

upload to web server, and both view and delete as-

sessments.

The patient assessment tool (F8) was divided into

four parts: a) veriﬁcation of goals with the new

training routine and veriﬁcation of cardiorespiratory

health through the maximum blood pressure during

exercise and blood pressure at rest, as shown in Fig-

ure 2a; b) questionnaire of medical history through

Pfeiffer questionnaire, which detect if there is any

history or risk involving cardiorespiratory shortcom-

ings, pain, recurrent chronic problems in implement-

ing physical activity, loss consciousness, coronary

problems or some other risk factors (Figure 2b); c)

WorkUp: A Mobile Application to Support Health Guidelines

299

Table 1: Functionalities of each use-case allowed for Health Professional (HP), Patient (P), and System (S).

Use Case ID Functionality HP P S

Manage Proﬁle

(F1) Standard login X X -

(F2) Facebook login X X -

(F3) Create a standard account X X -

(F4) Request relationship to professional X - -

(F5) Search a user X X -

(F6) View assessments, training set, schedule of patient X X -

(F7) Update account X X -

Perform Assessment

(F8) Create a new patient assessment X - -

(F9) Send collected data to server - - X

(F10) Notify patient if new assessment is available - - X

Training Management

(F11) Create a training set X - -

(F12) Send completed exercise to server - - X

(F13) Reuse a training set X - -

Class Schedule

(F14) Schedule a new class X - -

(F15) Conﬁrm a class schedule - X -

Non-functional (F16) Notiﬁcation and synchronization service - - X

the body fat assessment through a variety of skin-

fold methods; and, d) perimetry assessment, which

enables log measures of body parts. Beyond the nu-

merical evaluation functionality was integrated using

the smartphone camera for photographic record of the

evaluated body members.

(a) (b)

Figure 2: Evaluation management screens: (a) Objectives

and blood pressure; (b) Questionnaire (QPAF); (c) Body fat

calculation.

Existent apps adopt a unique skinfold method.

However, each professional need a speciﬁc applica-

tion, according to the physical characteristics of the

patient. So, in this sense, WorkUp has a variety of

skinfold methods to calculate body fat. We have im-

plemented both Jackson Pollock 3 and 7-site, and

Guedes methods. At the end of each assessment, the

professional needs Internet access to send the col-

lected data (F9) and automatically notify the patient

(F10) that there is a new assessment available.

4.3 Training Management

The training has two types of exercises, which can

be created by the own professional. Some rules were

added to the application to improve system usability.

After, it was marked by the inclusion of functionality

to create a training list (F11) according to the purpose

of the patient, inserting both aerobic and anaerobic

exercises. Only the professional can mount the train-

ing set, leaving the patient with the exercises only.

Following the conclusion of training, the patient’s col-

lected data are sent to a web database (F12) and will

be available for professional access to track the pa-

tient’s evolution.

These functionalities were developed and are

shown in Figure 3. The training sessions that have al-

ready been created can be reused by the professional

(F13), as shown in Figure 3a. In order to add a new

training, it is necessary to enter a name, add exer-

cises by clicking on the +1 button (Figure 3b), and

view the registered exercises classiﬁed between aer-

obic and anaerobic (Figure 3c), with name, duration,

repetition times, and rest duration (Figure 3d).

4.4 Class Management

This module allows the application to control the class

scheduling (F14) to improve communication between

patient/professional. To use it, the patient needs to

bound to the professional, so the patient can schedule

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(a) (b)

Figure 3: Training management screens: (a) My trainings;

(b) Edit training; (c) Registered exercises; (d) Characteris-

tics of exercises.

a new class and the health professional can accept it or

not. For a conﬁrmation of a new class (F15), it is nec-

essary that both agree and conﬁrm the date and time.

If there are any changes, both users will be notiﬁed by

the system.

For the scheduling of a new class, the interface

displayed in Figure 4a was built, requiring the pa-

tient/professional to select a date and time, with the

ability to verify if the selected time is available. Users

are notiﬁed to change the status of the class to con-

ﬁrmed, registering the schedule of classes. (Figure

4b).

In addition, we have considered good practices for

interface design in order to assist the user of our ap-

plication.

(a) (b)

Figure 4: Classes management screens: (a) Schedule new

class; (b) User calendar.

5 EVALUATION

In order to validate our purpose, we adopted the quali-

tative research approach because it reveals a target au-

dience’s range of behaviour and perceptions. It uses

in-depth opinions of small groups of people to sup-

port the construction of hypotheses through descrip-

tive statements. The categories extracted from the

answers of the participants were: a) effective regis-

tration method; b) ability to monitor more patients;

c) accessibility of information; d) information distor-

tion; and, e) interface and restrictions.

Sixteen participants, including health profession-

als and patients in both Corn

elio Proc

opio and Ser-

taneja cities, located in south Brazil, tested our appli-

cation.

Several interfaces were sketched and tested by

four health professionals and twelve patients. The app

validation was performed by 17 questions focused on

usability of the system. Participants were divided into

HP1 to HP4 (Health Professional) and P1 to P12 (Pa-

tients). Participants were asked to download the ap-

plication in order to explore and test the app func-

tionality. Next, the participants were requested to an-

swer the questionnaire. All data, comments, sugges-

tions and detected problems were analyzed and used

as a source of information to evaluate the system. Re-

sponses were categorized and described19-21 as: a)

effective registration method for physical educators;

b) ability to monitor more patients; c) accessibility of

information; d) information distortion; and, e) inter-

face and restrictions.

• Effective registration method As main results,

WorkUp: A Mobile Application to Support Health Guidelines

301

participants emphasized that the control of phys-

ical activity is important for physical educators.

Interviewed professionals highlighted the need to

establish goals and analyze if the results obtained

have achieved them. According to the answers, it

is difﬁcult to investigate the causes of inefﬁciency

in the physical training because of the lack of ef-

fective registration methods to collect the patient’s

exercise routine. Table 2 presents the users reports

referring to the registration method.

Table 2: User experience report about effective registration

method from Health Professionals (HP).

User experience report

HP 1: “It is difﬁcult to monitor patients efﬁciently

without a digital record. Most of the time there

is only an initial assessment and a pre-prepared

program for the patient to conduct over a period

of time without a complete record of case histories

and prescribed activities.”

HP 2: “You need an environment where the

teacher can record all information, such as

lessons, exercises and schedules, in order to effec-

tively monitor the patient. In addition, through the

systematization of information, you can organize

and visualize where the gaps are in training.”

HP 3: “It is necessary to check how the patient’s

training was in relation to the time for without this

analysis, all is vague.”

HP 4: “I need to know if the patient is actually

losing weight with the training, and if the tracing

objective is being achieved.”

• Ability to monitor more patients It is common for

a health professional to track multiple patients at

the same time. This scenario is unfavorable for

the quality of training provided to patients. Some

interviewees pointed out that our app could help

professionals to follow a larger number of patients

with high quality. Table 3 shows the discourse of

users that have tested the application, analyzing

the resources to follow multiple patients.

• Accessibility of information Among the ques-

tions, the accessibility of the information required

for patients’ assessment was mentioned. The

health professionals noted that some data are rela-

tively complicated to extract, but are necessary for

the proper development of activities, as described

in Table 4.

• Information distortion The professionals point out

that, in some cases, patients promote distortions

in data collection, omitting important information

about their health status (Table 5). There are cases

Table 3: User experience reports about ability to monitor

more patients.

User experience report

HP 2: “... I have on hand an easy way to record

the data of my patients, which this training should

follow. In addition, the

schedule allows better distribution of times so I

can organize myself.”

HP 3: “It bothers me not keeping up with the pa-

tients, and not even knowing their workout for that

day, because I cannot handle

looking at the previous training and make the out-

line of the next.”

Table 4: User experience report about accessibility of infor-

mation.

User experience report

HP 1: “... I have on hand an easy way to record

the data of my patients, which this training should

follow. In addition, the schedule allows better dis-

tribution of times so I can organize myself.”

HP 2: “It bothers me not keeping up with the pa-

tients, and not even knowing their workout for that

day, because I cannot handle looking at the previ-

ous training and make the outline of the next.”

P4: “I think the data is very speciﬁc and under-

standing it is complex.”

P11: “At ﬁrst sight, the need for data is difﬁcult to

understand, but once it is properly explained it is

easy to understand its importance.”

where patients ﬁnd unnecessary to ﬁll out per-

sonal data in the application. The patient gener-

ally has no idea of the importance of evaluation

for the prescription of activities.

Table 5: User experience report about distortion of informa-

tion.

User experience report

HP 1: “There are some points that can be ﬁlled in-

correctly, which can work as a motivation to create

new ways to reduce distortions.”

HP 2: “The system as presented does not have

methods that can prevent inconsistencies, for ex-

ample, a patient who does not perform the exer-

cises correctly.”

P7: “We cannot guarantee that the data entered by

the patients during the execution of exercises are

really reliable.”

P10: “This app would be of little use because I’m

not used to perform this type of control.”

• Interface and restrictions When participants were

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asked about the interface, system language, ef-

ﬁciency in performing the activities, arrange-

ment of dialog boxes, error messages, and system

iconography, there were no serious abnormality

highlighted. But the health professionals pointed

out that a more restrictive system would be inter-

esting for more effectiveness in achieving results

(Table 6).

Table 6: User experience report about interface and appli-

cation restrictions.

User experience report

HP 3: “The application is very pleasing to the eye

and easy to understand.”

HP 4: “It would be interesting if there was a way

to make it easier for patients to access the training

to be carried out.”

P6: “The interface is pretty nice and does not

show navigation problems.”

P9: “I found no serious problems.”

P12: “Some data is complicated to collect and un-

derstand, it needs an improved interface.”

6 CONCLUSION

Physical evaluation software has been developed to

desktop computers. However, with popularization of

mobile technologies, the adoption of mobile apps is

undoubtedly a useful solution. For health profession-

als, the advantage of portability overcomes some bar-

riers and allows the tracking of training, improving

professional-patient communication, and allowing the

follow-up of training guidelines with more effective-

ness.

The WorkUp can be a model to support health

agencies to promote a healthier life and keep record of

the patient physical assessments. The application also

provides users with the ability to keep tracking im-

portant health indicators that show the patient’s evo-

lution. As pointed out earlier, mobile technology is

constantly evolving in the applications market, that

is, every day there are new startups focusing on health

and exercise routines. Therefore, WorkUp has to add

up to this scenario, providing important information

for health professionals. This information can assist

professionals to achieve better results and improve the

quality of life of their patients.

A limitation of this study relates to the perfor-

mance of physical activities, as WorkUp currently re-

stricts to patients the ability to perform physical ac-

tivities proposed by a professional. However, these

mechanisms are dependent on the use of the correct

interface. The system is not integrated to sensors.

Thus, for future work the integration of these tech-

nologies will be accomplished to provide better con-

trol of physical activities.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors acknowledge the support of UTFPR.

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